Academic International Journal of Veterinary Medicine
The Academic International Journal of Veterinary Medicine (AIJVM) (Electronic ISSN: 2984-7753), published by Academic International Publishers, is a double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal dedicated to advancing knowledge in veterinary medicine and animal sciences. The journal provides an international platform for researchers, veterinarians, academicians, clinicians, and professionals to disseminate scientifically sound and ethically conducted research that enhances animal health, welfare, productivity, and public health. AIJVM operates under a fully open-access publishing model, ensuring that all published content is permanently accessible online without subscription or registration barriers. Each article is assigned a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), guaranteeing permanent discoverability and citation. The journal follows a continuous publication model, with articles organised into two issues annually (January and July). AIJVM publishes original research articles, review papers, case reports, field studies, and scholarly commentaries that cover the fundamental, applied, and clinical aspects of veterinary medicine. Manuscripts derived from Master’s and Doctoral theses are considered, provided they have not been published elsewhere and are clearly identified as thesis-based submissions on the first page. The mission of AIJVM is to promote excellence in veterinary research and education by encouraging studies that demonstrate scientific rigour, methodological soundness, and meaningful contributions to animal and public health. The journal fosters interdisciplinary and translational research and supports international scholarly communication and collaboration among veterinary scientists and institutions worldwide. Aims and Scope Aims Advance scientific knowledge in veterinary medicine and animal sciences Promote high-quality, original, and innovative veterinary research Support research addressing animal health, production, and public health challenges Encourage interdisciplinary and translational studies in veterinary sciences Foster international academic collaboration and scholarly communication Scope AIJVM publishes scholarly work across a broad range of veterinary disciplines, including but not limited to: Anatomy; Animal Health Economics; Animal Nutrition; Animal Reproduction; Animal Science; Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR); Biochemistry; Biotechnology; Dairy Science; Epidemiology; Food Hygiene and Technology; Genetics and Breeding; Histology; Immunology; Microbiology; Molecular Biology; Parasitology; Pathology; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Physiology; Poultry Science; Preventive Veterinary Medicine; Public Health; Surgery and Obstetrics; Veterinary Extension Studies; Wildlife and Aquatic Medicine; Zoology; Zoo Animal Medicine. The journal welcomes diverse research methodologies, experimental, clinical, observational, molecular, epidemiological, and field-based, provided they demonstrate strong scientific foundations and make meaningful contributions to veterinary science and practice. Copyright and Licensing Copyright © The Academic International Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Authors retain copyright of their work while granting AIJVM the right to publish, reproduce, and distribute articles in all formats and media. All articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits sharing, redistribution, adaptation, and reuse for any purpose, provided appropriate credit is given to the original authors and source. Archiving and Digital Preservation AIJVM is committed to the long-term preservation, accessibility, and integrity of its published content. The journal participates in the LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) archiving system, ensuring secure preservation across a distributed global network of libraries and continued access to published materials. A LOCKSS Publisher Manifest is available on the journal website. Self-Archiving Policy Authors may deposit the accepted (post-publish) version of their articles in institutional or other repositories of their choice, in accordance with the journal's archiving policy and the terms of the Creative Commons license.
The Role of Experimental Animal Models in Advancing Veterinary and Biomedical Research
The use of experimental animal models as the basic tool in the development of veterinary medicine as well as biomedical research has been in use over a century. The models play important roles in comprehending the pathogenesis of diseases, testing the therapeutic interventions, determining the safety of drugs and interpreting the results of basic scientific findings into clinical practices. It is based on the considerations of anatomical similarity, physiological relevance, genetic tractability, and ethical appropriateness that the selection of the appropriate animal models is considered. Conventional models such as mice, rats, rabbits and non-human primates have been replaced by new models such as zebrafish, pigs and genetically modified organisms that have their own distinct merits with regard to particular research questions. The latest technological changes in genome editing, in this case, CRISPR-Cas9 systems have transformed the production of disease models in a way never before seen before. Moreover, the translation value of animal research has been increased by the advancement of advanced imaging modalities, omics, and computational methods. Although animal models are indispensable, there comes with them ethical obligations that require observation of the principle of replacement, reduction and refinement. In the present state of research, the topics of enhancing the translatability of animal models to human patients, understanding differences in the manifestations of diseases by species, and incorporating alternative approaches where scientifically justified are of concern. This review paper discusses the history of animal models, the ways they have been used in different fields of research, the technological advances that have increased their use, the ethical considerations that regulate their use and future prospects such as the incorporation of human-relevant in vitro systems and computational models to supplement animal research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Veterinary Medicine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rabies Virus: A Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Prevention
Rabies virus is considered as one of the deadliest known infectious agents in medical science with a case-fatality rate of nearly 100% once clinical symptoms take place. Although there are good vaccines and post-exposure prophylaxis, the disease claims between 59,000 human lives each year and the majority of these are in low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Asia. Recent developments in molecular virology have clarified the key factors of viral neuroinvasion, immune evasion, as well as host-pathogen interaction. At the same time, there have been new technologies in diagnostic technologies such as point-of-care molecular assays and rapid field-deployable systems that have increased surveillance in resource-constrained environments. Global prevention efforts have developed by incorporating One-Health approaches which focus on cross-sectoral integration between human health, veterinary services and the environmental sector. This overall discussion summarizes the existing knowledge of the pathogenesis of rabies virus, with a particular focus on molecular pathways of neurotropism and immune subversion, current diagnostic methods with respect to sensitivity and field use, and prevention and control measures such as mass immunization of dogs, simplified pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis, and new vaccine systems. The continuous obstacles to international extermination are addressed, such as infrastructural obstacles, economic limitations, sluggish care-seeking habits, and surveillance systems deficits. To realize the goal of the World Health Organization to reduce death by 2030 due to dogs as the primary causative agent of human rabies, continued investment on animal vaccination, increased access to biologics, the implementation of rapid diagnostics, and the enhancement of intersectoral coordination in One-Health models is mandatory.
Effects of Whole Flaxseed on Lipids Profile and Liver and Kidney Function of Broiler Chickens
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of whole flaxseed on broiler chickens' lipids profile and liver and kidney function. 200 straight-run one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were divided randomly into two groups (100/group) with five replicates. The control treatment (CON) was fed a corn-soybean diet. The second treatment fed the flaxseed-corn soybean (FCS) diet by using flaxseed 75 kg/ton in the starter and grower and 100kg/ton in the finisher diet. The cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and VLDL were decreasing significantly (P 0.05) in the (FCS) compared with the (CON). However, HDL was increased significantly (P 0.05). Liver and kidney enzyme activity were improved in the (FCS). The serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and creatinine and urea concentration were decreased significantly (P 0.05) in the (FCS) compared with the (CON). In conclusion, replacing corn with 7.5 whole flaxseed in the starter and grower and 10 in the finisher broiler chicken diet led to improved growth performance. Additionally, reducing using oil, and soybean in the diet.
Copyright (c) 2023 Academic International Journal of Veterinary Medicine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Zinc and Probiotic on The Small Intestine and Carcass Characterization of Broiler Chickens
Zinc is a crucial trace mineral for birds to function appropriately in enzyme systems and be engaged in protein synthesis, glucose metabolism, and many other metabolic activities. Probiotics are used to enhance the gastrointestinal flora and assist in maintaining a healthy digestive tract. Two hundred straight-run one-day-old broiler chicks Ross 308 were divided randomly into four groups (50 birds), each divided into two replicates containing (25) chicks. The control group (C) was provided with a base meal without any additives, the second group (A) was fed on a basil diet containing 1.5 g/kg Zn, the third group (B) was fed on a basal diet containing 1g/kg probiotic, the fourth group (AB) fed on basil diet contain a combination of Zn 1.5g/kg + probiotic 1g/kg (AB). The result revealed a significant increase (p≤ 0.05) in the mean intestinal villi area and carcass characterization in the AB group compared with other groups. In summary, our work recommends that a combination of Zn 1.5g/kg + probiotic 1g/kg could improve the properties of intestine and carcass characterization in broiler chicks
Bacterial Assessment of The Cow's Milk from Different Areas in Baghdad City
The study was designed to investigate the raw cow's milk contamination with foodborne Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in different regions outside of Baghdad: (Mahmoudiyah, Al-Fadhilia, Abu-Ghraib, and Madinat Al-shuela). Milk samples (n=10) were randomly collected from healthy cows; media were prepared and cultured with diluted raw milk, the results of regions (Mahmoudiyah, Abu-Ghraib) showed that 1,0 out of 10 samples for both and 3, 2 of 10 samples were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria of regions (Al-Fadhilia, Madinat Al-shuela). Therefore, in this study, we can estimate milk contamination with Staphylococcus aureus that may cause food poisoning if it is drunk by people. Therefore, we advise the manufacture of milk in high hygienic conditions and continuous pasteurization of milk, and treatment of the cases of subacute mastitis.
Copyright (c) 2022 Academic International Journal of Veterinary Medicine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Animal Physiology Adaptation in Higher Altitude: Transport of Oxygen in Mammals and Birds
The paper has dealt with the physiological adaptation of mammals and birds in higher altitudes. Through intensive research, it has been found that the animals and birds that inhabit the higher altitude or shortly known as hypoxia environment have much more O2 hemoglobin affinity, and their number of red blood cells is increased. The concentration of Oxygen in their blood is more which leads to gaining the potential to adapt to the high-altitude environment. This paper aims to review an article that focuses on the physiological adaptation of mammals and birds in high-altitude environments. This study has also referred to other authentic research articles in order to support the discussion presented by the author of the main research paper. The main intention of this study is to lay information with ample evidence for justifying the potential for surviving in the hypoxia environment is sufficient in inhabiting mammals and birds.
A Review of Chemical Castration in Domestic Animals
This review article discusses the use of numerous chemical agents supplied through various routes to regulate the population of several animal species, including dogs, guinea pigs, rabbits, rams, and rats. While surgery is the safest and most effective procedure, it is also the most expensive. Therefore, non-surgical sterilization methods that would make male sterilization cheap, simple, and quick for sterilizing a large number of male animals in a short amount of time were introduced in an effort to slow down the increase in the animal population effectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Veterinary Medicine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dexamethasone And Certain Nonsteroidal Drugs Stimulate The Transcriptional Activity Of GR-In The U2-OS Cancer Cell Line
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that act as immunosuppressants, immunomodifiers, and anti-inflammatory drugs. A synthetic GC chemical called dexamethasone (Dex) is used for a number of things other than reducing inflammation. Dex stops cell proliferation in leukemia and other cancers. In order to help chemotherapy kill leukemia cells or to minimize side effects from specific chemotherapy drugs, steroids are frequently given along with chemotherapy. The two steroids that are most frequently administered for ALL are prednisolone and dexamethasone. Steroid pills are typically taken. In both people and animals, chronic GC use increases the risk of illnesses in the nephrological system, skeletal system, and metabolism. The current study sought for strategies to improve the current glucocorticoid medication in order to treat leukemia. The effects of numerous substances on cells were examined using a variety of procedures. This study investigated the dissociation effects of CPDA TYRAMINE AND THCL to dexamethasone on wild GR and transfected Mutant GR-I628A using the cancer cell line U2-OS and the luciferase assay. The results show that DEX stimulates the transcriptional activity of wild GR. Following Dex treatment, TAT3 luciferase reporter activity was elevated in both mutant and wild-type GR. The other non-steroidal medications that were tested also demonstrated positive regulation activity, with DEX, T, CpdA, and THCL upregulating TAT3 transcription, in that order. Given that transactivation activity is the only adverse consequence, this implies that other drugs may be less likely to do so than GR. Additionally, residue I628 appears to be essential for interaction because its mutation decreases GR activity when it interacts with all drugs.
Study and Diagnosis of Dermatophytosis Fungi that Infect Cats in Kerbala, Iraq
Background: One of the most common fungal skin conditions affecting pets is dermatophytosis, which is expensive to medicate and manage. The illness also has significant health-related implications. The identification and discovery of the skin-altering fungus Dermatophytosis in cats in Kerbala, Iraq, is the goal of this investigation. Methods: The research encompassed several months of the year and contained 151 cats with fungal infections, categorized by age and sex. Both the Karbala Veterinary Hospital and independent veterinary clinics in Karbala conducted laboratory tests on them. Throughout the winter, the investigation ran from November 2024 to August 2025. The presence of apparent lesions on the skin confirmed the initial diagnosis of skin illnesses following a thorough analysis of medical indications. For a laboratory test utilizing a specialized medium to identify fungi, skin specimens have been collected from the patients. Result: A total of 151 contaminated specimens were collected for this investigation and categorized by sex and age. The findings indicated that almost all of the population was over one year old (68.21%), with 60% of the population being female and 39.7% being male. The findings indicated that illnesses in the middle ear region are particularly prevalent among cats, and that the percentage of cats diseased with this type of fungus is higher in winter than in summer. Conclusion: According to the present investigation, fungal illnesses are frequently responsible for the development of skin conditions in cats. As such, the pandemic's danger and the potential of an epidemiological agent for several diseases should be considered as an additional area for study.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Curcumin-Derived Nickel Chloride Nanoparticles for ID8 mouse ovarian epithelial cancer cells
Background: In 2020, the US had approximately 1.8 million new cancer cases and over 606,000 cancer-related deaths. Between 1991 and 2017, overall cancer death rates decreased by 29%. This represents 2.9 million fewer cancer deaths than projected at high prevalence. Traditional tumor treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery are popular. Chemotherapy fights cancer but has major negative effects. Surgically excised tumors may reappear and resist radiotherapy. Aims: The objective of the current work was to evaluate the possible anticancer properties of nickel chloride nanoparticles synthesized from curcumin. Methods: 250 grams of curcumin powder and 500 ml of ethanol were combined. After mixing for an hour, we refrigerated the mixture at 4°C for 24 hours. The mixture was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 8,000 rpm. The supernatant was quickly collected and refrigerated for the next step. Next, we cooked 200 ML of the previous preparation on a 60 °C hotplate with 20 g of nickel chloride for 1 hour. Nano precipitates with NaOH. Next, we quickly centrifuged the mixture to extract nanoparticles. After two rinses with 5 ml of deionized water. Results: The image presents an X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectrum utilized for identifying the crystalline structure and phase of a material—the pronounced and well-defined peaks in the spectrum, especially the most powerful peak at 2θ=43.310°. The NiO nanoparticles demonstrated the highest cytotoxic effects at 24 hours. Discussion: Elevated intracellular [Ni] levels result in decreased activity of Cu-dependent enzymes and transcription factors. Conclusions: Curcumin powder can be used to synthesize NiO nanospheres ecologically. Synthesized NiO nanoparticles are monoclinic and spherical, having a particle size of 20 nanometers. The synthesized nanoparticles are anticancer and have few adverse effects.
Effect of Aqueous Extract Iraqi Aloe vera on Treatment of Skin Wounds in Rabbits
The objective of this study was to assess how aloe vera extract affected the rabbits' full-thickness skin wounds' histological recovery. A total of sixteen healthy adult male rabbits weighing 1.25 to 2 kg were employed. Each rabbit's back was incised with a 4 cm² full-thickness incision. Animals were divided into two groups: Group A (control) received no treatment, while Group B (treated) had Aloe vera extract applied topically to the wounds. Skin biopsy samples were collected from two rabbits in each group on days 3, 10, 14, and 21 post-surgery for histopathological analysis. There were no discernible variations in the two groups' wound healing rates, according to the clinical evaluation. However, histological analysis revealed notable distinctions. On day 3, Group A exhibited a prominent polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell demarcation line and thickened epidermis with inflammatory cell infiltration around the wound margins. Group B, however, had re-epithelialization early on, granulation tissue formation, and minimal inflammation. On day 10, Group A featured marked dermal inflammation, thickened epidermis, wide granulation tissue, and hemostatic signs. Group B featured wider granulation tissue and collagen fiber proliferation with narrower inflammation. On day 14, Group A featured wide re-epithelialization, keratinocyte proliferation, and fibrosis. Group B also featured wide collagen fiber proliferation, indicating advanced healing. Group A had excessive fibrosis (scar tissue) and chronic granulation tissue by day 21. Group B still had organized epidermal fibrosis, more dermal neovascularization (new blood vessel formation), and new hair follicle formation, which indicated superior tissue regeneration.
Molecular Detection for Genotype In Sheep Infection with Echinococcus Granulosus at Holy Kerbala Province
Hydatidosis due to cystic Echinococcosis is one of the most important public health and economic problems in different countries including Iraq”. The study was conducted the prevalence of Hydatid cysts disease in sheep in slaughter houses in the holy city of Kerbala "and to detect the rates of infection with E. granulosus genotype using optimal (PCR) technique with specific designing primer for cystic fluid" . The study was carried out between October 2021 and April 2022 . A total number of 93 sheep were examined via autopsy for hydatid cysts in slaughterhouses in Kerbala , including both sexes and different ages , then we used molecular genotype sequencing technique , specific PCR primer design . "Our PCR results of the study showed that cystic echinococcosis genotypes was 24 (53.33%) were detected as Echinococcus granulosus isolates which isolated from internal organs and the percentage were significantly increases as 49 (52.68%), 33 (35.48 %), 11 (11.82 %) for liver, lung and liver with lung respectively" .
Effect ABO Blood Groups and Hormones on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Background Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an intricate and generally undiagnosed disease. The Maastricht criteria, which include polycystic ovaries, physical or biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism, and oligo/anovulation, are among the commonly used diagnostic criteria for PCOS. After other potentially aggravating conditions are also checked out, only two of the three will result in a PCOS diagnosis and all related potential consequences, hormone imbalance that occurs during the reproductive years. If you have PCOS, you may not have regular periods. Or perhaps you have long cycles of menstruation. Method: A Karbala obstetrics facility admitted 0 females and 50 persons with polycystic ovarian conditions between February and May 2023. The Rotterdam 2003 criteria were used to diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome. The control group consists of 51 fertile women who underwent ultrasonography examination and had appropriate hormonal levels, resulting in regular menstruation and no excess testosterone symptoms. As a result, it was shown that people under the age of 36 had an increased incidence of this medical condition. The two sets were identical in age, ranging from 26 to 45. Each patient and control were given a survey questionnaire to complete. Our findings revealed that women with blood groups 'O' and 'B' were at the greatest danger of PCOS. Furthermore, our findings show that Rho-negative individuals have no relationship to PCOS Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (lh) levels were determined. The study found that FSH, LH, Prolactin, and TSH increased significantly. Furthermore, the number of CBC tests for WBC, HB, and PLT has significantly increased. Conclusion: While PCOS is more prevalent in B-positive females with blood groups O and B positive, significant differences in hormones (FSH, LH, and PROLACTIN) were found in PCOS patients as well as controls, suggesting a link between PCOS and these modifications
Experimental Study of Chitosan for Skin Wounds Healing in Rats
The present investigation's objective was to evaluate how Chitosan affected the healing of rats' full-thickness cutaneous wounds. All animals were generated with a clinically healthy (2 cm2) full-thickness dorsal back wound in 24 male adult rats (200- 250 g). Under the influence of a combination of 1 mg/kg of Acepromazine, 75 mg/kg of ketamine hydrochloride, and 10 mg/kg of xylazine hydrochloride. These animals were separated into three groups (A, B, and C) based on the treatment plan. The wounds in group (A) were treated locally with chitosan wound powder, whereas group (B) applied chitosan wound powder both locally and orally to treat the wounds, and group (C) left the wounds untreated as a control group. On 0, 3, 7, and 14 days after wound creation and treatment, four subgroups were formed for each group, having two wounds in each subgroup. Clinically, the result showed that wounds in group B healed faster than wounds in group A and group C. In addition, the results revealed that group (B) have enhanced cellularity, increased vasculature with the superiority of than those in both group (A) and group (C). Conclusion; The study show that the Chitosan work on increase wound healing and decrease Edam formation in the wound and replace the damaged part of the skin.
Effects of Whole Flaxseed on Productive Performance and Immune Response of Broiler Chickens
An excellent natural source of -linolenic acid is flaxseed. Feeding broiler birds flaxseed can increase omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids in meat tissues and improve growth performance and immune response. This study investigated the effects of whole flaxseed on productive performance immune response against ND and IBD disease with broiler chickens (meat-producing chickens). A Comprehensive of 200 newly hatched chicks were weighed randomly, split into two Identical treated groups (each with 100 birds), and placed in five replicates (20 birds each). T1 birds were fed an essential diet devoid of additives (as the control group). Nevertheless, T2 (treatment group) birds were fed a flaxseed-corn soybean diet using 75 kg/ton of flaxseed in the starter and grower and 100kg/ton in the finisher diet. A significant finding (P 0.05) was noted between treatments in weekly living body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), Feed intake (FI), and Feed conversion ratio (F.C.R.). The highest significant increase ((P 0.05) in productive traits (BW, WG (in the(T2) group that fed flaxseed from one day to 35 days; however, I and FCR decreased significantly ((P 0.05). Antibody titer was increased significantly ((P 0.05) of ND and IBD in the (T2) compared with the (T1). In conclusion, replacing corn with 7.5 whole flaxseed in starter and grower and 10 in finisher broiler chicken diet led to enhanced growth performance and immune response. It was additionally reducing the use of oil and soybeans in the diet.
Isolation And Identification of Campylobacter Coli _Campylobacter Lari from Humans, Local Milk, and Milk Products Using Classical And Molecular Techniques In Karbala Province
This study, which ran from October 2022 to the end of March 2023, examined the frequency of Campylobacter species in samples of human, milk, and milk products in the province of Karbala. as well as the detection of the antibiotic sensitivity of these isolates. A total of one hundred (100) samples were collected systematically, including 100 samples from children at the General Children's Hospital in Kerbala (Iraq) who were experiencing diarrhoea, fever, and abdominal pain, as well as 50 samples of raw milk and 50 samples of milk products from various local shops and farms distributed throughout the province of Karbala. In order to identify the pathogen, samples were promptly inoculated into enriched and subcultured on selective media. On Campylobacter agar base selective medium, Campylobacter spp. Colonies showed up as tiny; mucoid colonies frequently generate separate colonies that are flat with uneven borders and non-hemolytic at 24 to 48 hours. These colonies are typically greyish in appearance, while some must be creamy grey. The polymerase chain reaction method identified ten isolates out of 150 samples (6.6%) as Campylobacter species. The ten isolates were subjected to sequencing to detect Campylobacter species, which found two species (C. coli _ C. lari). Results showed that Campylobacter spp. Out of eight positive isolates, campylobacter coli recorded 8 (80%), while campylobacter lari recorded (20%) positive results. Campylobacter ssp displayed 100% sensitivity to azithromycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, gentamycin, and imipenem in an antibiotic susceptibility test using the disk diffusion assay. Due to Campylobacter's vulnerability to the aforementioned antibiotics, frequently employed as the preferred treatment for campylobacteriosis, the resistance pattern of this bacteria shown in this study is highly concerning. These levels of incidence and resistance call for more investigation and effective defences because they could pose health dangers to the public
Shilajit Inhibits the Toxic Effect of Bisphenol
The experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kerbala, between January 3, 2025, and February 5, 2025. Special cages were used to house the rabbits during the study. A total of thirty rabbits were divided into three groups: G1: The Control group received water and pellets only. G2: Treated with Bisphenol A at a dose of 1 mL/kg. G3: Treated with Bisphenol A (1 mL/kg) and Shilajit (0.2 g/kg). Biochemical analysis revealed a significant increase in liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT, IU/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, IU/L) as well as in kidney function markers (urea and creatinine) in G2 compared to G1. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in G3 compared to G1 across all measured parameters. Histopathological examination of G2 livers showed bile duct hyperplasia, mononuclear cell infiltration around bile ducts, dilated blood vessels, and hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes. Perivascular aggregation of mononuclear cells, predominantly macrophages, was observed around the central vein. Renal tissue in G2 displayed glomerular tuft shrinkage, extensive interstitial mononuclear infiltration, and atrophy of surrounding renal tubules. In G3, histopathology revealed mild mononuclear cell infiltration, including giant cells and prominent Kupffer cells in the liver. Additionally, fatty changes and apoptotic features were noted in some hepatocytes. Kidney sections showed hyaline casts, interstitial hemorrhage, and infiltration by mononuclear cells.
Effects of Organic Zinc and Probiotic on Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Under Heat Stress Conditions
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of heat stress (HS) on carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed with organic zinc and probiotics. A total of 250-day-old (Ross 308) chicks were randomly divided into five groups (50 chicks per group), with two replicates for each group. The negative control treatment (T1) received a basal diet without HS. The second treatment received a basal diet under HS as a positive control (T2). The third treatment (T3) was fed a basal diet with added zinc (1 g/kg) under the influence of heat stress. The fourth treatment (T4) was fed a basal diet with added probiotics (1 g/kg) under the influence of heat stress. The fifth treatment (T5) was fed a basal diet with zinc + probiotics (1 g zinc + 1 g probiotics/kg). The carcass and edible offal characteristics of groups T5, then, T4, and T3 showed a significant improvement (P≤0.05) as compared to the control groups. In conclusion, adding zinc plus probiotics to the diet under heat stress might improve carcass characteristics.
Morphological Comparative Changes in Skin Healing by Using Postbiotic Cream and Antibiotics in Rabbit
The present study was done at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Kerbala University. The purpose of the study was to examine the properties of antibiotics (penicillin-streptomycin) and a postbiotic cream (Cicalfate+ cream) on the shape of rabbits' healing processes in full-thickness skin wounds. In forty-five healthy adult bucks weighing 1.3 and 1.8 kg, full-thickness wounds measuring 2.5 x 2.5 cm were made in the dorsal back area. Intramuscular injections of xylazine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg), ketamine hydrochloride (35 mg/kg) were given very quickly (IM), along with 1 mg/kg of diazepam. In group A, one group received a daily intramuscular injection of procaine penicillin G (80,000 U/kg of body weight) along with probenecid (25 mg/kg of body weight) and streptomycin (20 mg/kg of body weight) for five days. In group B, participants applied cicalfate+ cream topically twice a day. Group C served as a control group and did not receive any treatment. On the 3rd, 7th, and 14th days after wounding, the fifteen male adult rabbits that were chosen for the morphological investigation were separated into three subgroups of five. All groups showed different rates of epidermal re- and de-generation, although the one using Cicalfate+ cream showed the fastest skin wound healing progress, according to the morphological results.
The Effect of Pharmaceutical Analgesics on Renal Failure Using Novel Nano-Composite Drugs
Naproxen drug–polymer nanocomposite was prepared by condensation polymerisation, as reported in the medical literature. The molecular docking of the nanocomposite drug with amino acids within the 1UPT protein inside kidney cancer cells was studied. Biochemical changes were studied by measuring the level of urea in the blood serum according to the method mentioned in the kit, and the level of creatinine was also measured according to the method mentioned in the kit. Biochemical changes were studied by taking 15 male white rats, whose average age ranged between 11 and 12 weeks and whose weight ranged between 120 and 150 grams. They were placed under appropriate conditions in terms of temperature, the lighting period was 12 hours a day, and they were well ventilated. They fed special fodder, and they were provided with water. The white rats used in the experiment were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was given sodium chloride as a physiological saline solution orally and was considered a control group. The second and third groups were dosed with Naproxen drug and the nanocomposites-Naproxen drug, respectively, at a concentration of 51 mg/kg for 14 days. The results concluded that some of the effects of biochemical parameters on serological and pathological changes in the Kidney were obtained as a result of the use of loaded Naproxen drug on nano co-polymer.
Toxopathological and Biochemical Impacts of Albino Mice Treated with Lanxess
Background: Lanxess (1,3-benzene dicarboxylic acid) is a safe food ingredient found in various foods and soft drinks. On the other hand, it has antifungal and antibacterial activity and is employed in the management of certain medical disorders. Additionally, it acts as an antioxidant, anti-ozonant, and anti-degradant, protecting vulcanizates against damaging external influences. This research aims to estimate the toxicity of Lanxess in the liver by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (AST) levels. Materials and Methods: 20 albino mice were subdivided into two groups. The 1st group (10 mice) was administered 500 mg/kg body weight (B.w.) of Lanxess orally daily for 10 weeks as the positive control. The second group (10 mice) received PBS orally as the negative control. After the 10-week investigation, each animal was euthanized, and histological specimens from the kidney, liver, spleen, lung, and heart were collected for histopathological analysis. Blood specimens were obtained for biochemical examination. Results: The results revealed an increase in liver enzymes after 10 weeks. ALP levels were 46.10 ± 1.1, and AST levels were 59.35 ± 3.2 in the Lanxess-treated group, compared with the negative control group (ALP: 9.64 ± 2.1, AST: 6.10 ± 1.3). Examination of tissue samples showed that rats given a toxic dose of Lanxess exhibited inflammation, which included bleeding, swollen blood vessels, tissue death, scarring, and numerous lumps in the liver and other organs. Conclusion: The results concluded that Lanxess is toxic to the liver of albino mice.
Potential Protective Effects of Tribulus terrestris Extract (TTE) against Reproductive Damage Induced by Cytarabine (Ara-C) Chemotherapy in Male Rats: Histopathological Study
The cytotoxic effects of many cancer medications cause different general side effects and defects in spermatogenesis, so still a concern that requires additional enhancement. The study was performed to assess the preventive benefits of Tribulus terrestris extract (TTE) against reproductive damage induced by cytarabine (Ara-C) chemotherapy. Twenty mature male rats will be divided into four groups. Each group contains 5 rats. A control group is included in the first group, T. terrestris extract (250 mg/kg) is given to the second group, Ara-C (25 mg/kg BW) is given to the third group, and the fourth group receives both an oral dose of TTE (250 mg/kg BW) and an intraperitoneal dosage of Ara-C (25 mg/kg BW) for a total of 28 days. After the end of the experiment tissue samples in testes and epididymis are taken for the necessary histopathological changes that revealed detectable spermatogenesis degeneration. Treatment caused spermatocytes disruption, significant histopathological alterations, rounded, shrunken seminiferous tubules with less cellular epithelium, degeneration in germinal epithelium represented by depletion with damaged Leydig cells, and this may result in reduced rat fertility. The results of the study indicate that Tribulus terrestris exhibits significant histological alterations, as evidenced by an increase in sperm growth, in contrast to Ara C group, which displayed some detrimental effects.
Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests and Antimicrobial Sensitivity of Brucella Melitensis Isolated from Awassi Ewes in Iraq
This study investigates the prevalence and characteristics of Brucella melitensis in unvaccinated Awassi ewes in Iraq. Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease, poses significant challenges in endemic regions due to inadequate vaccination and veterinary knowledge. The research involved serological testing (RBPT, SAT, and MRT) and bacteriological identification on blood and milk samples from 456 ewes, with 452 being clinically healthy and 4 having aborted. Serological tests revealed 30 positive RBPT/SAT results, with varying titers, indicating potential infections. Brucella spp. was isolated from 6 milk samples and a vaginal discharge sample. Biochemical tests identified all isolates as Brucella melitensis biotype 3. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed sensitivity to Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Carbenicillin, and Ampicillin, but varying sensitivity to Cephalothin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, and Penicillin, and resistance to Colistin. The study highlights the necessity for local antimicrobial resistance data to inform effective treatment and control strategies, using a One Health approach. The findings suggest integrating serological and bacteriological diagnostics for updated brucellosis management guidelines.
Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Veterinary Medicine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Histopathological Assessments on Kidney and Spleen of Experimentally Infected Male Rats by Staphylococcus aureus: Antibiotics versus Probiotics
Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) stands as a prominent contributor to infections and fatalities on a global scale. Antibiotic resistance added a layer of complexity to the management of S. aureus infections. Presently, there is no viable vaccination option. Probiotics have been identified as possible agents that can help overcome antibiotic resistance. Aim: In the current study aimed to investigate the histological changes in organs such as the kidney and spleen in male rats after infection with 10 μL S. aureus (1.0 × 107 CFU/mL) intraperitoneally and treated with a daily dose of 1 ml of (floratil) yeast suspension, daily oral dose of (1 ml) of probiotic colloid for 7 days, and compared with the group inoculated intraperitoneally injections of 1 mL of an antibiotic suspension (linezolid tablets) for 7 days. Results: the animals treated with probiotics showed more significant histopathological alterations and recovery as compared to antibiotics-treated groups in response to restoring renal and splenic tissue from the histological effects caused by bacterial infection; this study shows the protective effects of antibiotics, probiotics, and yeasts in maintaining kidney and spleen tissue structures after S. aureus infection histologically and to compare between them. Conclusion: this study investigated the protective effects of probiotics on renal and splenic tissues against Staphylococcus aureus to the extent that they are more effective than antibiotics in histological damage recovery.
Synergistic Effectiveness of Crude Extract Leaves of Moringa Oleifera Lam and Atorvastatin-Treated Rabbits
Moringa oleifera supplementation may help regulate hypercholesterolemic conditions in rabbits treated with atorvastatin, according to the data, which showed that the novel nutraceutical combination had a substantial influence on cholesterol metabolism. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential synergistic effects of Moringa oleifera in rabbits receiving atorvastatin treatment, which is commonly used to decrease cholesterol. Following a 28-day period of 1% cholesterol in rabbits, we gave them oral atorvastatin 50 gm/kg and/or Moringa oleifera Lam 200 mg/kg/day. In comparison to the corresponding control groups, the results demonstrated that dietary supplementation with Moringa oleifera Lam and atorvastatin significantly decreased blood levels of cholesterol and oxidant (MDA), liver enzymes (AST and ALT), and certain kidney function tests (urea, creatinine), while upregulating antioxidants. Our goal was to find out how the extraction of Moringa oleifera Lam demonstrated the plant's synergistic efficacy and provided a potentially useful therapeutic strategy that might be used with atorvastatin therapy.
Impact of Balanced Amino Acid Supplementation on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Economic Efficiency in Commercial Broiler Production
This paper sought to establish the impacts of balanced amino acid addition on growth rate, meat yield, and profitability in broiler chickens. One thousand two hundred, day old Ross 308 broilers were randomly distributed into four groups with different diets based on amino acid composition for forty-two days. The research findings revealed that;The optimized amino acid supplementation had positive effects on feed conversion ratio (-4.2%; P < 0.001), breast meat yield (+ 3.5%; P< 0.05), and a reduction in feed cost per kilogram gain (-6.7%; P< 0.05). Treatment 3, in which the optimized AA pattern was applied, provided the highest quality of medium and highest growth rates in all observed factors, together with a 25% decrease in the rate of nitrogen excretion. This study confirms that targeted individual amino acid addition has the potential to simultaneously increase productivity and improve the quality of meat as well as make the process economically profitable and environmentally friendly.
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Veterinary Medicine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Effects of Whole Flaxseed in Reduced Energy Diets on Broiler Chickens Meat Quality and Carcass Characteristics Under Heat Stress Condition
This study aimed to assess the impact of heat stress (HS) on broiler chickens provided with a low-energy diet including whole flaxseed, focusing on carcass characteristics and meat quality. A total of 250 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into five groups (50 chicks per group), with two replicates for each group. The negative control treatment (T1) received a basal diet devoid of HS. The second treatment fed a basal diet under HS as a positive control (T2). In the third experiment, they fed a basal diet, including whole flaxseed, under heat-stress conditions (T3). The fourth treatment consisted of providing a low-energy diet with whole flaxseed under HS (T4). The fifth intervention was a reduced energy diet administered under HS (T5). The carcass characteristics and edible entrails in the T3 and T4 groups showed a significant improvement (P≤0.05) compared to the control groups. The meat quality in the T3 and T4 groups was considerably enhanced (P≤0.05) due to an increase in omega-3 fatty acid levels [α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)], as determined by GC mass spectrometry compared to the control group that had a corn-soybean diet. In conclusion, incorporating whole flaxseeds into a low-energy diet during HS augmented broiler chickens’ productivity, improved carcass characteristics, and elevated omega-3 concentrations in the meat.
In Vitro Kinetic of Glutathione-S-Transferase Enzyme in (Buffalo, Camel, Sheep, Goat, and Cattle) and Inhibition by Aspirin and Paracetamol
Enzyme kinetic showed competitive inhibition pathways for both aspirin and paracetamol. The activity of glutathione-s-transferase of RBCs (buffalo, camel, sheep, goat, and cattle) was measured by the photometric method in the presence and absence of two NSDI analgesic drugs (aspirin and paracetamol). Two different concentrations (10 and 20 mM) of each analgesic drug were used, which covered the reported therapeutic index and toxic concentration range of the drugs. At a level of significance (p < 0.05)
Pharmacokinetic Profile of Ceftriaxone and Meropenem in Dogs
The principal aim of the study was evaluating the pharmacokinetic of ceftriaxone and meropenem in dogs, eight healthy male dogs were used for this experiment. A microbiological assay was used to determine the pharmacokinetic indices of ceftriaxone and meropenem given intravenously. The values were then fitted to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic open model in order to assess the factors related to distribution and excretion. The obtained results showed that the half-life, volume of distribution, and total body clearance to the samples of plasma of ceftriaxone and meropenem were recorded (0.83 h., 0.35 L/kg and 0.28 L/hr/kg), (0.86 h., 0.48 L/kg and 0.33 L/hr/kg), and the ratio of plasma protein binding were 16.67 %; 9.58 %, respectively. In conclusion, through the pharmacokinetic characteristics of meropenem and ceftriaxone in dogs, they possess an efficacious profile against K. pneumonia as same as other sensitive bacteria which were qualified to be a potential candidate to be one of the most commonly used parenterally administered antibacterial medicines in the treatment of acute bacterial cases that need to be treated quickly in veterinary therapy. However, the differences in the pharmacokinetic profile proved that the effectiveness of meropenem was more than ceftriaxone.
Cholera Management in Iraq: Challenges, Strategies, and the Path Forward
The article discusses the ongoing challenges and management of cholera, particularly in Iraq, which is experiencing a resurgence of the disease. The bacteria Vibrio cholerae is the cause of cholera, which is mainly transmitted via tainted food and water. If left untreated, cholera can be fatal and cause severe dehydration. The article highlights the historical context of cholera outbreaks, the factors contributing to its prevalence in impoverished nations, and the specific situation in Iraq, where inadequate sanitation, malnutrition, and the aftermath of conflict exacerbate the problem.Efforts to manage cholera include rapid intervention, infection control, and public awareness campaigns. Organizations like WHO and UNICEF provide resources for cholera management, emphasizing the importance of early detection and treatment. The article also outlines the epidemiology of cholera, noting its endemic presence in various regions and the impact of climate change on outbreaks. Challenges to cholera prevention include poor healthcare infrastructure, political instability, and environmental factors. The article advocates for improved water and sanitation services (WASH), vaccination campaigns, and better healthcare facilities to reduce cholera incidence. It concludes that sustained efforts and funding are necessary to combat cholera effectively and improve health outcomes in affected regions.